CareerGears

The operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the hardware. It is a collection of programs that coordinates the operations of computer hardware and software.
Functions of an operating system:
1. Starting the Computer: In most computers, the BIOS and the diagnostic routines are contained in ROM. They [...]

The main advantages of computerizing the activities of business organization are as follows:
Advantages:

Speed: Computerisation helps in processing the data placed in several data files in no time. This is possible due to the high speed of computers for processing data and CPU of the computer works at the speed of electricity which is the [...]

File organization refers to the relationship of the key of the record to the physical location of that record in the computer file.
File organization may be either physical file or a logical file. A physical file is a physical unit, such as magnetic tape or a disk.
A logical file on the other hand is [...]

It deals with the storage and retrieval of data in computer usable form. The three principal methods of storing and retrieving the data are

Sequential: Meaning that the records are stored and retrieved in a sequential order.
Direct: Meaning that the records are not stored or retrieved in any special order.
Indexed sequential access method: Indexed [...]

Low level languages are highly efficient and give you direct control of the operation but they are not user friendly. It is not easy to read, write, remember whereas high level languages are very user friendly, easy to read, write and remember but do not give you direct control of the operation.
Middle level languages [...]

Assembly Languages are structurally similar to machine language and the programmer uses symbolic names than numerical representation of operations. This reduces coding time and the amount of information the programmer has to remember. They use assembler to convert the program in to machine language (object program).
Assembly languages are also known as symbolic languages [...]

Computers can understand only binary system i.e., programs or instructions given in 0’s and 1’s. Low level language based programs can be executed directly on the machine without any additional software, as the programs are written in machine understandable form.
Features of low level languages:
Low level languages use 0’s and 1’s to write a code, which [...]

Instructions to the computer are given with the help of computer languages. These languages can be classified as follows
Machine languages.
Assembly languages.
High level languages.
Machine language:
Computer uses the binary system. All data and instructions ultimately have to be converted into a combination of binary digit 0’s and 1’s. Each computer system has its own machine [...]

Software is a set of instructions, programs which enable the computer to perform specified task. In other words, software is nothing but binary code instructions which control the hardware.
In most of the organizations the computer is a valuable resource. [...]

Utility software consists of programs which are frequently used to carry out routine jobs like sorting, merging, and core dump/list, programmed debugging etc, and are normally provided by the manufactures to make the machine work gainfully.
Certain jobs are performed by every computer and it is a tedious task to write separately for each installation and [...]